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U.S.: ARRIVAL OF THE CLINICAL CURE FOR THE DEPENDENCE ON THE INTERNET

few days ago I received a terrible news from China: in some communities to recover from Internet addiction, some teenagers were beaten and abused as if they were animals. But today comes the news the other part of the world, the United States, the first clinical (professionally recognized) that allows you to recover from "Internet addiction".

Heavensfield The Retreat Center in Fall City, Washington, claims to be the first center in the United States to treat patients addicted to Internet, video games and similar dependencies. The 45 days of enrollment in clinical costs "only" $ 14,500 (just over 10 000 €). The program is designed to help patients to break away from your computer through the combination therapy of social dialogue with traditional training courses, classes such as conversation techniques and appointments. Patients are then enticed to deal with breeding of goats, chickens and do maintenance work at home, a way to get some sort of guidance in the offline world.

The first patient of the clinic is a nineteen year old from Iowa, who has admitted to be "hooked" to the online game World of Warcraft for most of his day. Although it may seem extreme (and expensive) way to be "unplugged," Stuart Fischoff, a psychologist and editor of the Journal of Media Psychology, which has nothing to do with the direction Clinic, believes that the approach of rehabilitation would be helpful.

for patients in clinical situations, the comparison with domestic animals has been highly positive. The aim is to access the patient in the trial of gratification from something that does not require an Internet connection. So once that is given to the patient what he needs, likes and he does not judge the world more like a video game.

The program on the Web site states that "anywhere from 60 to 10% of the online population is dependent on one or more aspects of computer technology and the Internet." However, the emerging concept of "Internet addiction" is controversial. The term has not yet been recognized by the American Psychiatric Association as a disturbance and is not listed in the APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). But some experts have lobbied for its inclusion in the next revision of the manual, due out in 2012.

Ronald W. Pies, a professor of clinical psychiatry at Tufts University, argued that much of the debate is based on whether Internet abuse is a distinct disorder or a symptom of deeper psychological problems such as anxiety, depression or a disorder in the relations interpersonal, for which we can explain the problems that are repaid to the network. LiveScience the professor said:

The question is: we need another mess on our list, if the manifestations of Internet addiction may already be well described by rappresentatoe validated and better conditions ?

Although research is still very low, Internet addiction exists. A study by leading researchers at Stanford University found that more than one in eight Americans show signs of "problematic Internet use, such as the difficulty of having to stay away from PC for several days. But the study's authors acknowledged that the results were "too premature" to justify a medical diagnosis. The conclusions are based on a telephone survey on 2,513 adults, carried out in 2006.

Source: http://www.psicologiaesalute.com/

бои спокемон

prospect theory

The prospect theory is a theory of decision formulated by psychologists Israeli Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky in 1979 ^[1] . It is an alternative descriptive to expected utility theory of John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern .

This means that while the classical theory was intended to establish the conditions ideals (''regulations'') that a decision can be defined as''rational'', the prospect theory is proposed instead to provide a description of how individuals actually behave in the face of a decision. The prospect theory focuses in particular on the decisions in conditions of risk , which are defined as decisions in which it is known (or can estimate) the probabilities associated with possible outcomes of each option available ^[2] .

Conditions

The most innovative aspect of this formulation is that it is based on empirical evidence. Through numerous experiments cognitive psychology Indeed, Kahneman and Tversky showed how the choices of human beings systematically violate the principles of economic rationality ^{[3 ]} . In particular, the two authors put emphasis on two important psychological phenomena, in fact connected to each other:

1. L ' context effect ( framing ): The frame , that is the context in which the individual is making a choice, has a decisive effect the choice itself. In particular the way in which the problem is formulated affect the way the individual perceives the starting point (or''status quo''), against which to evaluate the possible outcomes of their actions. A famous example of this effect is Asian disease problem ^[3] , in which two different formulations of the same problem generally lead two different decisions by the majority of individuals.
   
2. L ' loss aversion : For most people, the motivation to avoid a loss is greater than the motivation to make a profit. This general psychological principle, which is probably related to a kind of survival instinct, makes the same decision may give rise to conflicting choices if the results are displayed to the subject as a loss rather than loss of earnings. For example it is easier to give a better discount than to accept a price increase, although the difference between the start and end is the same ^[4] .

The value function

The prospect theory incorporates a mathematical formulation aspects more properly psychological evaluation with the fundamental principle of individual expected utility theory , that the most rational choice is one that maximizes the product of the expected value of each event for its probability. Kahneman and Tversky introduces a value function , in which the probabilities of possible events is weighted by the value π , which is the''weight''that had each outcome in the evaluation of the individual. The value function is described by

where is a transformation, nonlinear probability p _the .

As is clear from the representation, the value function has a non-linear: in particular, considering the center of the chart as the starting situation the decision maker ( standstill ), the function is concave in region gains and convex in region losses: This means that small changes close to the starting point (in both regions) have a greater impact on choice than large changes away from the point itself. Moreover, the curve has a slope greater losses in the region, which helps to explain the phenomenon described above as loss aversion: A gain and a loss of the same magnitude have the same effect on the choice, but a loss was proportionally greater impact.

Applications and developments

The prospect theory has had considerable success, especially in the economic sphere, such that one of its authors, Daniel Kahneman , won the 2002 the Nobel Prize 's economy . Its predictions have proved effective, especially in describing the behavior of investors and economic agents, and providing an explanation to some violations of utility theory as the sunk cost effect ( sunk cost ) and the effect of possession ( Endowment ). However, its psychological validity, and in particular its extensibility to different contexts and financially they are not universally shared. A possible application of the theory of the prospectus outside the economic context, however, was provided by military historian John A. Lynn , who argues that the theory provides an interesting, though not directly verifiable interpretation of foreign policy Louis XIV in the last years of his reign ^[5] .

From the point of view of decision theory , the prospect theory, although indisputable merits, violates the principle of stochastic dominance , which applies to situations where a given probability distribution of outcomes is superior to another. In 1992 was developed by the same authors, a revised version of the theory, called cumulative prospect theory ^[6] , including situations of stochastic dominance.

Daniel Kahneman

Notes

1. ^ Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky, Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk , Econometrica , 47 (2), 1979, 263-291.
2. ^ Rino Rumiati, Nicolao Bonini,''Psychology decision'', Bologna, Il Mulino , 2001, pg. 13, ISBN 8815081461 .
3. ^ ^{to b} Amos Tversky e Daniel Kahneman, The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice , Science , New Series, Vol. 211, No. 4481. (Jan. 30, 1981), pp. 453-458.
4. ^ Amos Tversky e Daniel Kahneman, Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions , The Journal of Business , Vol. 59, No. 4, Part 2: The Behavioral Foundations of Economic Theory. (Oct., 1986), pp. S251-S278.
5. ^ John A. Lynn, (1999) The Wars of Louis XIV 1667-1714 , United Kingdom: Pearson Education Ltd, 1999, pp. 43-44
6. ^ Tversky, Amos (1992) Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty . Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5 : 297-323. DOI : 10.1007/BF00122574 .

from Wikipedia

http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_del_prospetto

Daniel Kahneman

the Nobel Prize for Economics to a psychologist

The official purposes of the Nobel

The Nobel Committee of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences decided to award the "Bank of Sweden for Economic Science 2002 "in memory of Alfred Nobel meta 'in conjunction with:

Daniel Kahneman

Princeton University, USA

Born in 1934 in Tel Aviv, Israel (Israeli and U.S. citizen)

PhD from the University of California at Berkeley in 1961.

"for having integrated subjects of psychological research with the sciences of economics, with particular regard to decision-making and uncertainties in the proceedings"